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(a) (b) (c) Figure 1.9 (a) A laser beam passing through a dispersion of graphene in water. It schematic model of poly-vinyl pyrrolidone- is visible due to the Tyndall scattering effect; coated graphene. (Reproduced with permis- (b) the optical transparency of a dispersion sion from [76].) as the amount of graphene increases. A simple way to identify the presence of nanoparticles in dispersion is based on the Tyndall effect as illustrated in Figure1.9. A laser beam becomes visible passing through the liquid because of the scattering of the light by the dispersed nanoparticles [76]. Graphene as an extended aromatic system has sufficient light absorption; even a single sheet of graphene is visible through an optical microscope if deposited on 300 nm of silicon oxide on top of silicon as a result of an interference effect [10]. After this work several other groups visualized graphene on several other substrates [43, 77, 78]. As shown in Figure 1.10 [79], graphene’s optical absorbance of white light has been measured to amount to 2.3%, which means that a bilayer absorbs 14 1 An Introduction to Graphene 100 98 2.3% Air 96 Bilayer 0 25 50 Distance (μm) Figure 1.10 A single and a bilayer graphene on a porous membrane. (Reproduced with permission from [80].) of graphene in water (0.1mgml−1); and (c) Light transmittance (%) GraphenePDF Image | An Introduction to Graphene
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