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This was subsequently found to occur due to the temperature of the water in the LDPE vials increasing during long periods of sonication (Fig. S2.7), resulting in faster cavitating bubble growth rates and therefore a greater frequency of inertial cavitation collapses29. Stable temperatures were maintained over long (150 and 180 minute) sonication times by using an array of cooling fans to actively cool the vessel. As such, cooling strategies should be carefully considered when developing large volume sonication methodologies to ensure consistent yields. Shorter sonication times as well as burst mode ultrasound may also help mitigate temperature increase during sonication. Fig. 2 | Graphene yield and flake size distribution data. The graphene yield (after centrifugation) as a function of the (a) ICD and (b) the square root of the ICD. The symbols in (a) and (b) delineate the data as function of sonication time, measured in minutes. Representative lognormal plots of (c) graphene length and (d) thickness distributions that were measured using SEM and AFM, respectively. The uncertainty in the graphene yield is associated with the standard deviation of three graphene yield measurements at each sonication time and the uncertainty in ICD is associated with the standard deviation of five independent high frequency broadband energy measurements. 8PDF Image | Cavitation Liquid Phase Exfoliation of Graphene
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