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solution (0.2% vol of Cole Palmer MICRO-90) overnight prior to sonication to promote wetting of the external surface of the vials. The reference vessel was actively cooled using an array of 12 V fans when sonicating graphene samples over long durations. To facilitate cavitation, surfactant (Cole Palmer MICRO-90) was added at a 0.2% by-volume concentration to the bulk volume of the vessel. After sonication, the graphene dispersions were left to sediment overnight before being centrifuged at 1000 rpm (120 rcf) for 2 hours. The supernatant was then removed and characterised. The acoustic cavitation measurement details, experimental methodology development, and the graphene characterisation methods are described in detail in the supplementary information. Acknowledgments This work was supported by the U.K. National Measurement System (NMS) under the innovation R&D programme and by the U.K. Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) via the Centre for Doctoral Training in Micro and Nano Materials and Technology at the University of Surrey. The authors would like to thank Dr. B. Zeqiri, Dr. A. Pollard, Dr. K. Paton, Dr A. Wain, Dr. A. Sesis and Ms. E. Legge for useful discussions and technical assistance in sample preparation, characterisation and data analysis. Author contributions P.T. carried out the graphene production and analysis work. M.H., R.D. and J.D.C. supervised the project. M.H. advised on the use of NPL’s multi-frequency reference cavitation vessel and assisted in interpreting acoustic cavitation measurement data. All authors contributed to the interpretation of the results and the writing of the manuscript. Data Access Details of the data and how to request access are available from the University of Surrey Publications Repository. 15PDF Image | Cavitation Liquid Phase Exfoliation of Graphene
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