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International Conference PhysicA.SPb/2021 IOP Publishing Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2103 (2021) 012103 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2103/1/012103 4. Conclusion Influence of two modes of electrochemical treatment of the surface of graphene in a 0.1 M NaClO4 electrolyte was investigated by a number of techniques. It was shown that the mode of electrolysis with a negative potential applied on graphene results in formation of defects and increased inhomogeneity of the surface potential of graphene. On the contrary, treatment of the graphene surface with positive potential applied to it increases the uniformity of the surface potential distribution without causing significant disturbances in the crystal structure of graphene. Such an increase in surface potential uniformity may be connected with an increase of the concentration of oxygen on the surface of graphene. However, for graphene chips containing a considerable amount of bilayer graphene inclusions, the efficiency of this mode is significantly lower due to lower chemical reactivity of bilayer graphene. Thus, it is revealed that use of the electrolysis mode with a positive potential applied on graphene for the modification of the surface potential of monolayer graphene chips contributes to the successful subsequent steps required to obtain biosensors with reproducible parameters and more uniform attachment of antibodies and viruses over the chip area. Acknowledgments This research was supported within the State Assignments from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation to the Ioffe Institute (0040-2019-0006) References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] Li X, Tao L, Chen Z, Fang H, Li X, Wang X, Xu J-B and Zhu H 2017 Graphene and related two-dimensional materials: Structure-property relationships for electronics and optoelectronics Appl. Phys. Rev. 4 021306 Lebedev A A, Davydov S Y, Eliseyev I A, Roenkov A D, Avdeev O, Lebedev S P, Makarov Y, Puzyk M, Klotchenko S and Usikov A S 2021 Graphene on SiC Substrate as Biosensor: Theoretical Background, Preparation, and Characterization Materials (Basel). 14 590 Zhou M, Wang Y, Zhai Y, Zhai J, Ren W, Wang F and Dong S 2009 Controlled synthesis of large-area and patterned electrochemically reduced graphene oxide films Chem. - A Eur. J. 15 6116–20 Yakovlev A V., Yakovleva E V., Tseluikin V N, Krasnov V V., Mostovoy A S, Rakhmetulina L A and Frolov I N 2019 Electrochemical Synthesis of Multilayer Graphene Oxide by Anodic Oxidation of Disperse Graphite Russ. J. Electrochem. 55 1196–202 Lebedev A A, Davydov V Y, Usachov D Y, Lebedev S P, Smirnov A N, Levitskii V S, Eliseyev I A, Alekseev P A, Dunaevskiy M S, Rybkin A G, Novikov S N and Makarov Y N 2018 Study of properties and development of sensors based on graphene films grown on SiC (0001) by thermal destruction method Journal of Physics: Conference Series vol 951 Eliseyev I A, Usikov A S, Lebedev S P, Roenkov A D, Puzyk M V., Zubov A V., Makarov Y N, Lebedev A A, Shabunina E I, Dementev P A, Smirnov A N and Shmidt N M 2020 Raman scattering and low-frequency noise in epitaxial graphene chips J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 1697 Ferrari A C and Basko D M 2013 Raman spectroscopy as a versatile tool for studying the properties of graphene. Nat. Nanotechnol. 8 235–46 Wang T, Huntzinger J R, Bayle M, Roblin C, Decams J M, Zahab A A, Contreras S, Paillet M and Landois P 2020 Buffer layers inhomogeneity and coupling with epitaxial graphene unravelled by Raman scattering and graphene peeling Carbon N. Y. 163 224–33 Gustavo Cançado L, Gomes da Silva M, Martins Ferreira E H, Hof F, Kampioti K, Huang K, Pénicaud A, Alberto Achete C, Capaz R B and Jorio A 2017 Disentangling contributions of point and line defects in the Raman spectra of graphene-related materials 2D Mater. 4 025039 Cançado L G, Takai K, Enoki T, Endo M, Kim Y A, Mizusaki H, Jorio A, Coelho L N, Magalhães-Paniago R and Pimenta M A 2006 General equation for the determination of the 6PDF Image | electrolysis-related modification of graphene films
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