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RSC Advances Paper centrifuging the starting graphite dispersion exhibits almost no absorbance at 660 nm (1.4 mg mL1). This result indicates that the stability of the isolated graphene nanosheets is higher than that of the starting graphite dispersion, probably due to the size shortening of graphite akes. The size distribution of the isolated graphene nanosheets was studied using the dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique. The DLS results of the centrifuged samples of carbon-based (graphite/graphene) colloids at the end of different hydrody- namic cavitation cycles are demonstrated in Fig. 7. From the DLS data, it can be deduced that the mean diameter size of the particles gradually decreases with the increase in the number of hydrodynamic cavitation cycles. The mean particle size of the akes in the starting graphite dispersion aer two sets of centrifugation steps is measured as 3150 (335) nm. Never- theless, the measured particle sizes of S3U-20, S3U-40, S3U-60, and S3U-80 are 2744, 2242, 1664, and 1353 nm, respectively. The differences between the mean particle sizes are well- correlated with the number of hydrodynamic cavitation cycles. Complementary optical microscopy images are illustrated this fragmentation and size differences (see ESI Fig. S2†). The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of the starting graphite dispersion displays large akes having a lateral dimension of over $5 mm (Fig. 8a). The lateral ake Fig. 7 The measured average particle size of the hydrodynamic cavitation (20, 40, 60, and 80-cycles) treated and non-treated gra- phene nanosheets after two centrifugation steps. and the porosities of the system. The efficiency of the system can be improved by reducing the length of the pipes, porosities of the exposed surfaces, and using a closed-loop system. Moreover, the UV-Vis analysis of a control sample prepared by Fig. 8 SEM images of (a) the starting graphite dispersion, the graphene nanosheets obtained after sequential centrifugation of (b) 60-cycles in low magnification, (c) 60-cycles in higher magnification, and (d) 80-cycles cavitation-treated graphite dispersion. 17972 | RSC Adv., 2021, 11, 17965–17975 © 2021 The Author(s). Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry View Article Online Open Access Article. Published on 18 May 2021. Downloaded on 6/29/2021 1:36:46 PM. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.PDF Image | graphene exfoliation hydrodynamic cavitation on a chip
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