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(N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone)[7a] or in water with the aid of surfactants or other types of amphiphilic stabilizer.[11] However, for many potential applications, stabilizer- free water dispersions of graphene are highly desirable.[4] One way to achieve stable aqueous dispersions from electrochemically exfoliated graphite would be to foster the oxidation reactions that take place during the electrolytic exfoliation of graphite. In this way, the incorporation of different types of oxygen functional groups that enhance the hydrophilicity of graphene sheets would favor their dispersibility in water and lead to the formation of stable colloidal suspensions. On the basis of this hypothesis, we have developed a synthesis strategy directed at obtaining processable aqueous dispersions of graphene from the electrochemical exfoliation of graphite. In preliminary experiments carried out in our laboratory, it was observed that the electrochemical exfoliation of relatively dense pieces of graphite (i.e. rods or sheets) occurs at considerably lower rates than that of the graphite materials (i.e. foil or flakes) that are currently employed in electrochemical exfoliation. The fact that the electrochemical exfoliation of dense pieces of graphite occurs more slowly allows to envisage a considerable enhancement in the incorporation of oxygen groups as consequence of the reactions with the species generated during the oxidation of water, resulting in an improvement in the hydrophilic nature of the exfoliated products. In the present work, we used a graphite rod as anode and a platinum mesh as cathode, while the electrochemical exfoliation was carried out in an aqueous solution of a neutral electrolyte (i.e. ammonium sulfate) at a voltage of 10 V. In order to promote oxidation reactions, the EEG process was prolonged for a relatively large period of time to around 2 h. Intensive sonication of the expanded graphite particles generated during the EEG process gave rise to an 4PDF Image | Graphene from Electrochemically Exfoliated Graphite
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