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11 Characterization of Graphene Produced by Electrolysis in Aqueous Electrolytes 105 78 10 11 9 6 +− 1 2 3 4 5 VA Fig. 11.1 Electrochemical setup for the production of graphene in aqueous electrolytes. 1. Graphite electrodes; 2. Electrolyte; 3. Cooling water bath; 4. Magnetic stirrer; 5. Contacts; 6. Electrical conductors; 7. Electronic timer; 8. Power switch; 9. AC rectifier; 10. Voltmeter; 11. Ampermeter 11.3 Results and Discussion For preliminary estimation of the produced graphene quality and selection of the samples for further investigation, SEM observation was performed. SEM images of the studied graphene are shown in Fig. 11.2. The morphology of the samples corresponds to graphene material with a trans- parency characteristic for this type of material. According to literature, graphene shows a high transparency (97,7 %) [13]. Due to strong acidic medium, the sample produced in pure sulfuric acid (pH 1⁄4 0.5, Fig. 11.2a, d) are highly defective, with large aggregates (around 30 μm) and the lowest transparency. With addition of alkalis the produced material is less damaged, with smaller aggregates (10 μm) and higher transparency. The improvement of the sample quality as result of the addition of alkalis can be explained by the lower aggressivity of the electrolyte (lower acidity, higher pH), causing lower concentrations of defects. Na+ and K+ ions also improve the exfoliation process. Na+ ions show better effects than K+ due to the smaller atomic radius (rNa 1⁄4 186 pm vs rK 1⁄4 227 pm). Generally, at the applied voltage, the material produced has an appropriate quality and show a high yield of graphene. Comparing the samples produced from the graphites M1 and M2, one can conclude that better morphology and transparency, i.e. better exfoliation was observed for the samples originating from graphite M2 as a result of the more oriented structure and quality. pericap@tmf.ukim.edu.mkPDF Image | Graphene Produced by Electrolysis
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