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11 Characterization of Graphene Produced by Electrolysis in Aqueous Electrolytes 109 from graphite M1 (Fig. 11.4 left), the 2D peak is less pronounced indicating the presence of multilayered graphene (more than 8 layers). For the samples produced from graphite M2 (Fig. 11.4 right), the 2D peak is more sharp and intensive. This and the fact that the G band of these samples is shifted to wave numbers lower than 1,582 cm1 indicate that these samples have fewer layers (4–6 layers) and a better quality than the previous ones. According to the Raman analysis, it is evident that the sample 6 produced from graphite M2 in sulfuric acid with NaOH shows the most appropriate structure characteristics of all studied graphene samples. 11.4 Conclusions This work presents a method for high-yield graphene production by electrolysis in aqueous solutions using reverse potential. Several techniques were used to charac- terize the obtained graphene samples. • SEM images have shown that the graphene samples produced at reverse voltage of 15 to 15 V have the high transparency characteristic for graphene material. Graphene produced from graphite M2 has shown better transparencies than those produced from graphite M1, indicating less defects and less number of layers. • Morphology testing was done by TEM. Generally, it was found that the mor- phology of graphene produced by the reverse electrolysis in aqueous electrolytes is similar to graphene produced by other methods. The graphene sheets are broken and intertwined. There is a low amount of impurities, fibers, non-exfoliated graphite and amorphous carbon. The thickness of the samples varies from few nanometers to 20 nm. • Using the Raman spectroscopy, structural parameters were determined. The crystallite size varies from 3.26 nm for the sample 6 (graphite M2) in H2SO4 with NaOH to 4.16 nm for sample 1 (graphite M1). The obtained values for I2D/IG from the FWHM of the corresponding peaks indicate that the obtained samples consist of 4 to 6 layers. Acknowledgments This research was done within the FP7 Project “Cost-effective sensors, interoperable with international existing ocean observing systems, to meet EU policies require- ments” (Project reference 614155) and the Project “Research and development of new nanostruc- tured sensors aimed for protection and development of environment and nature” financed by the Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning of the R. Macedonia. pericap@tmf.ukim.edu.mkPDF Image | Graphene Produced by Electrolysis
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