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List of Figures Figure 1: Publications and Patents in the field of graphene and graphene production. a) Number of publications on Graphene and Graphene Production from 2000 to 2016. This infor mation was sourced from ISI Web of science. Search criteria for both are: Topic= “Graphene” and Topic= “Graphene” and “Production” respectively. b) Number of patents on Graphene and Graphene production from 2000 to 2016. This information was sourced through a worldwide search using the European Patent Offices Espacenet database. Search criteria for both are: Title and Abstract= “Graphene” and Title and Abstract= “Graphene” and “Production” respectively. Data for 2016 is incomplete and lower than expected as there is a typical timeline between filing and publication. .............................................83 Figure 2: The trends in number of publications for Graphene and Graphene Production topics between 2000 and 2016. Data taken from Figure 1 a). ....................................................................................84 Figure 3: Overview of graphite and the various types of graphene-based materials with corresponding representative microscopy images. a) Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) image of expanded highly orientated pyrolytic graphite from Cooper et al. (b - c) TEM images of mono- and multi-layer graphene from Qian et al. d) SEM image of GO from Voiry et al. e) High resolution TEM (HRTEM) image of single layer reduced graphene oxide with indications of holes (red arrow) and oxygen functional groups (blue arrow) from Voiry et al. Reproduced with permission from ref. 53, 26 and 130. Copyright 2014 Elsevier B.V., Copyright 2009 Springer, Copyright 2016 American Association for the Advancement of Science..............................................................................................................85 Figure 4: Top-down and bottom-up routes to graphene production. The intrinsic relationship between production (also reduction) approaches and graphene-based material type is also shown................86 Figure 5: Summary of graphene production methods 16-29 . Criteria for data selection: a method results in at least 50% production of graphene with ≤5 layers, and has reported values for yield (wt%) and production rate (g/h)...........................................................................................................................87 Figure 6: Summary of the graphite precursor considerations and effects on graphene production...88 4PDF Image | graphene production via nonoxidizing liquid exfoliation
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