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output, the outlook for continued development and refinement of production approaches is encouraging. FIG 2 A breakdown of the generation of intellectual property (IP) through patents goes some way towards understanding the importance of graphene production to the industrial sector. Figure 1 b) presents a non-comprehensive gathering of the number of patent applications, providing a sample view on the landscape. In contrast to the scientific output, production aspects are a much higher fraction at almost 15% of the general graphene IP area in 2015. The difference between scientific output and generation of IP is not surprising, given that mass-production is a topic directly linked with industrial practices. Economic factors may also have an influence. A recent forecast for 2017 predicts that material supply will account for $75M of a >$250M graphene/2D material global market, which includes end-use applications 14. As the graphene technology space develops, it is expected that a re-distribution in IP will occur from production/synthesis towards end-use applications of graphene and graphene-related materials 10. 3. Graphene-based materials The type of material produced by bottom-up and top-down approaches varies depending on the production method. In Figure 3, schematic representations of these different types of materials are provided together with corresponding transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of their respective morphologies. Bottom-up approaches typically produce monolayer graphene and multi- layer graphene (MLG, 2 < Nl < 10), with highly-controlled layer numbers (Nl). Top-down approaches utilise graphite (Nl > 10) and exfoliate this precursor into monolayer and multilayer graphene with a broad distribution in layer number. Top-down approaches which implement chemical and electrochemical exfoliation mechanisms produce graphene oxide (GO), a form of graphene that includes a high oxygen content resultant from the exfoliation process. Further post-processing of GO, to reduce the oxidation state and increase electrical and thermal conductivities, produces reduced 12PDF Image | graphene production via nonoxidizing liquid exfoliation
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