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Kozhemyakina et al. used 22 different graphite grades to study their dispersibility in various solvents. This study allowed them to clearly identify that the smaller graphite particles (relative to larger ones) can be more readily dispersed in a solvent and form a more stable dispersion. This can be even further enhanced if graphite of small bulk density and pH close to neutral in water is used 35. Considering other graphite properties, the presence of impurities such as iron in flake and Kish graphite will result in paramagnetic properties, which can be either beneficial or undesirable as a precursor material for particular applications. For instance, graphene with iron could be used in the manufacture of composites and thin film conductors, but it would be undesirable to use it in spintronic or magnetic applications 36. Graphite can also be pre-treated to encourage exfoliation, and potentially increase the production yield of high quality graphene with high aspect ratio. An intercalation process could be employed to produce expanded flake graphite. This pre-treated precursor could then be used in an exfoliation process to produce graphene with beneficial properties, such as high electrical conductivity 37. This pre-treatment, however, should be thoroughly controlled and assessed to mitigate any unwanted changes in important graphene properties. This topic requires a comprehensive research effort, to understand the defects introduced, how these arise and how these could be potentially healed 38. If graphene of very high quality and purity is required, such as in the electronics industry, HOPG is one of the desirable starting materials. The limited supply of HOPG, however, makes it currently financially unviable for large-scale production. It is crucial, therefore, that graphene producers at least consider the type and grade of graphite to be used, including grain size, density and purity. Control over the precursor characteristics translates into a finer control over the exfoliated product. This can also benefit downstream industrial use of graphene produced using top-down methods. Employing collaborative research efforts, between 17PDF Image | graphene production via nonoxidizing liquid exfoliation
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