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5.2 Graphenedispersion In addition to the precursor material, another key component of the exfoliation process is the selection of an appropriate liquid medium. Graphene concentration benefits when suitable liquids are used to separate nanosheets from the graphite precursor, and inhibit the thermodynamically favourable aggregated state for long periods of time. Solvents and aqueous surfactant solutions are the predominant routes for the metastable dispersion of pristine graphene in non-oxidative liquid phase exfoliation techniques. In addition, an approach known as “Reductive Dissolution” has been shown to produce thermodynamically stable liquid formulations of nanocarbons. This chemical method spontaneously deconstructs a graphite intercalated compound into its constitutive graphene layers. A brief summary of this dispersion approach has also been included. In all cases, there has been an increased effort over the past decade to characterise the dispersive performance of liquids, and obtain fundamental information on molecular-scale interactions. 5.2.1 Solvents Solvent-based exfoliation of graphene has become the most common route in liquid-phase exfoliation production methods. This approach to exfoliation of graphene has its origins from earlier work on the exfoliation and dispersion of carbon nanotubes 57-61. Challenges in aggregation and bundling of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) powders were addressed through dispersion in suitable solvents. These solvents balance the attractive potentials with repulsive potentials, preventing aggregation and stabilizing the mixture, once the bundles of nanotubes are exfoliated. This aggregation is a fundamental result of van der Waals interactions between carbon atoms in adjacent nanotubes 58. The physics of this mutual attraction is similar for graphene nanosheets. Additionally, the similarity between recently proposed solvent parameters 62 and surface energies 63 suggested that solvents used 19PDF Image | graphene production via nonoxidizing liquid exfoliation
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