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The unavailability of a suitable solvent that could be used for large-scale production will also cap the throughput per each production line (batch or continuous). From a storage and logistics point of view, it is highly desirable to maximise the concentration of graphene in a solvent and to maintain its initial product specification for as long as possible. A recent study has presented promising results in addressing the aforementioned solvent challenges134. Using a selection criteria that matched a range of solvents to a set of ideal dispersion characteristics that include polarity, toxicity, surface tension, viscosity and greenness, Cyrene was discovered to be the most suitable high-performance solvent for sustainable production of graphene. This solvent is environmentally benign, and in this work, facilitated graphene concentrations an order of magnitude greater than NMP. On the other hand, graphene is a lightweight material and occupies a much smaller volume in solid phase than when dispersed in solvent, resulting in far more economical transportation and storage. So there is also a scope for development of a process that can efficiently separate graphene from its solvent without negatively affecting any of its superior qualities, or encouraging aggregation. Therefore, in order to counteract all of the aforementioned issues, it is probable that there is going to be a need for a synthesis of specific solvents, surfactants or other chemical compounds that possess targeted properties. Furthermore, a unique pathway may also need to be designed that will pre- and post-process graphite/graphene dispersion using an efficient method. It is crucial to design a product which could be effectively utilised by various downstream industries. 6.3 Rheology The challenges in engineering environmentally-friendly, low boiling point solvents for the dispersion of graphene are non-trivial. High-boiling point solvents, with toxic characteristics, currently produce the highest graphene concentrations. A growing body of empirical and numerical research demonstrate that the long-term stability of monolayer number fraction is limited to tens of days, even for these high performing solvents. Solvent design may be further complicated if the end-use of 56PDF Image | graphene production via nonoxidizing liquid exfoliation
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