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exfoliation. As this research field continues to develop, it is anticipated that these tools will also be important in practice, for the prediction and optimisation of production performance. 6.6 Other2Dmaterials In addition to the improvements necessary for graphene production, other 2D material research has opened exciting new avenues for large-scale production. Similar to graphite, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) and transition metal oxides (TMOs) also have a layered structure with van der Waals forces holding individual layers together. There is potential to discover many other layered materials with novel properties that have yet to be isolated into 2D form. These materials can be realized over the next 5 years on a large-scale by extending proven production technologies for graphene to other 2D crystals. An example of this is the recent work by Cullen et al.136 on dissolution of numerous 2D materials (Graphene, TiS2, MoSe2, Bi2Te3) to form ionic liquids. Long-term research challenges beyond the next decade include the production of 2D heterostructures, or stacked layers of different materials which are held together through van der Waals forces. These materials have shown uniquely beneficial properties at the lab-scale, such as the highest-mobility graphene transistors, created by encapsulating graphene with h-BN using CVD 137. Flexible photovoltaics have also been demonstrated utilizing optically active semiconducting layers (TMDs) with graphene as transparent electrodes 138. Novosolev et al. 139 noted that this topic is now at a stage where graphene was 10 years ago, with “plenty of interesting science and unclear prospects for mass- production”. If research efforts grow at a similar rate to what has been realized for graphene over the past decade, there is an exciting future for both the scientific and application areas of 2D material production. 7. Conclusions The topic of large-scale production has grown considerably over the last decade to establish itself as a scientific field within the overall graphene research domain. Developments have evolved into 59PDF Image | graphene production via nonoxidizing liquid exfoliation
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