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Spinning disc Che mical exfoliation Electroche mic al exfoliation - - - - 1 - Potential for graphene functionalization Possible continuous flow configuration Cost effective High yield Defective graphene Long recycling time Low production rate Defective graphene Expe nsive Defective graphene Limited number of studies reported In met ha nol and 1- 0.24-0.38 pyrene carboxylic acid (488nm) In sulphur - In NMP - By acetic acid 1.1 By Na in NH3 1.4 Staudenmaier - Hummer method - Anodic exfoliation 0.25 Anodic with copper acid 0.92 Anodic with sulfonic 0.32 acid 78% 4 layers 157 158 107 160 161 162 163 25 125 126 19 40 - 132 5-10 layers 95% <10 layers - - - 0.33 In gases 1.32 25% monolayer. Most less than 5 layers - - 159 - 0.06 - 85% less than 3 layer. 72% 1-2 layers - 1×10-3 - 0.45 75 32.6 - - - - Anodic with Poly(sodium-4- styrenesulfonate) PSS - 2-5 layers 15 - 50 1-6 layers 5% 1-2 layers Cathodic with LiOH 0.29 Cathodic with Li+ 1.1 Cathodic with DMSO 0.5 Cathodic with ionic 0.05 liquids 2-4 layers - 5% monolayer 2-5 layers 80 1.1 Anodic assisted In NMP wit h 75% less than 4 layers - - 25 5.56×10-3 - - 7.2 - 122 29 54 42 Chaotic flow with sonication Short processing time Low yield s hear 0.1 - Less than 3 layers * The wavelength in parenthesis indicates the wavelength of the laser used for Raman spectroscopy analyses. **Production rate was estimated from best possible yield (mass of graphene / the mass of the initial graphite precursor) and processing times from the paper 64PDF Image | graphene production via nonoxidizing liquid exfoliation
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