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1 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview Graphite is a naturally occurring form of crystalline carbon. Carbon atom which consists of 6 protons, 6 neutrons and 6 electrons consists of an electron configuration of 1s22s22p2. Since the p- shell in carbon can accommodate 6 electrons to complete its octet it shares its valence electrons with other atoms by forming covalent bonds. In the case of graphite each carbon atom forms 3 covalent sigma bonds with other carbon atoms. Graphite is the ‘mother material’ of graphene. As opposed to graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO), graphene and graphite has very similar characteristics [1]. Graphite naturally occurs as a 3D structure. It is found in the π- stacked hexagonal structure of graphite with an interlayer spacing of 3.34 Å, which is the van der Waals distance for sp2-bonded carbon [2]. Graphene is the hypothetical infinite aromatic sheet of sp2-bonded carbon that is the 2-D counterpart of naturally occurring 3-D graphite [3]. Graphene a crystalline allotrope of carbon is considered a single layer graphite with a honeycomb structure possessing remarkable electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties. Graphene which is a one atom thick sheet has each carbon atom covalently bonded to three other carbon atoms with sp2 hybridization [4]. With its unique properties graphene has a market demand in sectors of automotive, industrial, medical, energy and electronics. Conduction in Single Layered Graphene (SLG) is unique compared to other conductive material studied as SLG is 2D. As an electronic material, graphene represents a new playing field for electrons in 2, 1, and 0 dimensions where its conductivity is determined using linear band structures. Band structures which correspond to the dispersion of bonding and antibonding molecular orbital are called 𝜋 and 𝜋* bands. In this thesis, the focus would be to introduce an inexpensive process to exfoliate Few Layered Graphene (FLG)PDF Image | Hydrodynamic cavitation exfoliation layered graphene nano
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