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4 2. Liquid Phase Exfoliation This technique involves using surface-active organic fluids that penetrate between the layers of crystalline graphite. As a result, the increased distance between the graphene layers reduces their corresponding interaction energy. This assists in exfoliation once a mechanical force is applied on them [18]. 3. Graphite Oxide Reduction One of the most common techniques investigated to fabricate graphene is exfoliating graphite oxide into graphene oxide (GO). The motivation behind this technique is that it is relatively easier to exfoliate graphite oxide compared to graphite. However, the hydrophilicity of the GO sheet weakens during reduction [19]. 4. Chemical Vapor Deposition Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) involves the use of transition metal substrates to develop graphene layers. This method is based on depositing layers of nickel of transition metals on to SiO2/Si substrates using an electron-beam evaporator. Then the samples are heated up to 1000 °C inside a quartz tube under an argon atmosphere and cooled down to room temperature using flowing argon. This provides an efficient method of separating graphene layers from the substrate. 1.2 Research Motivation Despite the multitude of applications available for graphene the primary focus of this thesis is to propose a process to produce graphene for medical applications. The conventional techniques in place are usually environmentally hazardous and possess toxic effects [20], [21], [22]. Therefore, there is a need to exfoliate biocompatible graphene using an efficient and an inexpensive method. To answer this Guo et al. developed a green electrochemical technique to fabricate graphene by reducing exfoliated graphite oxide (GO) [23]. Zhu et al. and Gurunathan et al. produced graphenePDF Image | Hydrodynamic cavitation exfoliation layered graphene nano
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