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8 CHAPTER 2. HYDRODYNAMIC CAVITATION FOR SCALABLE EXFOLIATION OF FEW LAYERED GRAPHENE NANOSHEETS Modified from a manuscript to be submitted to Ultrasonics - Sonochemistry Steven De Alwis1, Sarabjit Singh1, Nicole N. Hashemi1,2* 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, United States of America 2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, United States of America * Email: nastaran@iastate.edu 2.1 Abstract A simple method for protein assisted scalable exfoliation of biocompatible few layered graphene (FLG) nano-sheets is developed using hydrodynamic cavitation. Hydrodynamic cavitation is used for the exfoliation. Unlike acoustic cavitation, the primary way of bubble collapse in hydrodynamic cavitation is caused laterally, thereby separating two adjacent flakes by a shear effect. The process utilizes a known protein, Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), which acts as an effective exfoliation agent and provides stability by preventing restacking of the graphene layers. Development of potentially scalable biocompatible methods are critical for producing cost- effective non-toxic graphene, enabling numerous possible biomedical and biological applications. A methodical study was performed to identify the effect of time in a novel hydrodynamic cavitation system for graphene exfoliation. The fabricated product was characterized using Raman spectroscopy and Transmission electron microscopy. It was foundPDF Image | Hydrodynamic cavitation exfoliation layered graphene nano
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