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10 similarities, FLGs can substitute for single layer graphene in various applications, ultimately generating cost effective solutions [12-16]. Lately, the influence of biological materials as exfoliates have also been investigated. Ahadian et al. developed graphene dispersions by sonicating graphite in Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) media [17]. Bovine Serum Albumin is a protein that is obtained from cows through natural means. BSA possesses both hydrophobic and hydrophilic sections where the hydrophobic section is adsorbed on graphene. This assists in the formation of dispersions and potentially prevents the restacking of graphene [18]. Ultrasonication which is a process that applies sound energy to agitate particles in a sample with frequencies greater than 20kHz [19] is widely used to exfoliate graphene. It has also been proved that by optimizing acoustic cavitation (as an effect of sonication), it provides higher yields (up to 18%) of graphene [20]. Though there has been considerable research done on the topic of effects of acoustic cavitation on graphene exfoliation, an absence relating to the effects of hydrodynamic cavitation on graphene exfoliation persists. Studies comparing the effectiveness of acoustic and hydrodynamic cavitation in combined treatments found that hydrodynamic cavitation was more energy efficient as compared to acoustic cavitation [21], an essential component in the formulation of an inexpensive exfoliation method. The superior energy efficiency in hydrodynamic cavitation could provide a passage to resolve a shortcoming of acoustic cavitation; the excessive local heat generation which makes it highly restrictive for industrial applications. Cavitation is the appearance of vapor bubbles and pockets inside an initially homogeneous liquid medium which is the breaking of a liquid medium under excessive stress. Hydrodynamic cavitation is dependent on two types of flows: flows in venturis or narrow passages (valves forPDF Image | Hydrodynamic cavitation exfoliation layered graphene nano
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