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Synthesis and Medical Application of 3D Graphene Materials 2) Integrated 3D graphene networks, here the carbon atoms are continuously connected through chemical bonds. The integrated 3D graphene structures show higher integrity including superior conductivity and mechanical robustness compared to the joint 3D graphene materials with the same mass density. Based on the Synthesizing Precursors Here, 3D graphene materials can be classified into three (3) major classes, namely, 1) GO-derived graphene materials (Graphene Oxide) are often called 3D rGO (reduced GO). 2) Hydrocarbon synthesized 3D graphene materials and 3) Inorganic carbon compounds formed 3D graphene materials (CO, CO2, and CS2) Synthesis of 3D Graphene Materials There are two (2) approaches usually employed in the synthesis of Graphene namely, Top- down and bottom-up approaches which will be discussed thus: Figure 5. Schematic Representation of Bottom-Up and Top-Bottom Methods (Edwards & Coleman, 2013). Top-Down Methods The top-down method involves breaking apart the stacked layers of graphite to yield single graphene sheets (Figure 5). In this method, separating the stacked sheets means that the van der Waals forces that hold the layers together must be overcome, it is not usually a trivial task despite the relatively low interlayer binding energy. The challenges with this method are effectively separating the layers without damaging the sheets and preventing re-agglomeration of the sheets once the layers have been exfoliated, the method also suffers from low yields and numerous steps (Edwards & Coleman, 2013). 1) Exfoliation: This is a top-bottom approach, the process involves the use of mechanical and chemical energy to break down weak Van der Waals forces in a high purity graphite sheet. When the weak Van der Waals forces that bond the graphene sheets in a graphite are broken, individual graphene sheets are formed. High purity graphene sheets such as single- layer graphene (SLG) and few layers graphene (FLG) is often made possible by this method (Agudosi et al., 2020). Exfoliation entails micromechanical cleavage, electrochemical exfoliation, exfoliation of graphite intercalation compounds, solvent- based exfoliation, exfoliation of graphite oxide, Arc discharge, and unzipping carbon nanotubes (Edwards & Coleman, 2013). 2526|Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science, 2(5), Feb, 2023PDF Image | Medical Application of 3D Graphene
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