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Synthesis and Medical Application of 3D Graphene Materials group disruption (Figure 7), GO sheets becoming less hydrophilic, and tend to aggregate and precipitate. Several models have been used to describe the structure of graphite oxide but the widely accepted is the Lerf-Klinowski model, which describes graphite oxide as having a layered structure with hydroxyl and epoxy groups on the basal planes and carboxylic and carbonyl groups at the sheet edges. It is the oxygen- containing groups that make the graphite oxide hydrophilic, the presence of the functional groups between layers also makes graphite oxide (6-12 Å depending on the amount of intercalated water) have a larger interlayer spacing than graphite (3.4 Å) (Agudosi et al., 2020; Hummers Jr & Offeman, 1958). Figure 7. Lerf-Klinowski Description of Graphite Oxide Structure (Edwards & Coleman, 2013) D) Arc Discharge: This involves the passing of a direct current between high purity graphite electrodes in several buffer gasses, hydrogen gas has often been used, and sometimes a mixture of helium and hydrogen gas is used, a steady current at 100-150 A from the discharge process after generation is maintained for a smooth process. The presence of hydrogen gas helps to terminate dangling carbon bonds and prevents the rolling up and closing of graphitic sheets, helium, and hydrogen gas mixture has been found to produce the highest crystallinity of materials. This method is widely used to synthesize a few-layer (2-4 layers) graphene carbon nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes and fullerenes (Agudosi et al., 2020; Edwards & Coleman, 2013). Figure 8. A Direct Current (DC) Arc Discharge Apparatus (Agudosi et al., 2020) E) Unzipped carbon nanotubes: This method can be used to synthesis few-layer graphene by unzipping single or multi-walled carbon nanotubes using wet chemistry methods 2528|Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science, 2(5), Feb, 2023PDF Image | Medical Application of 3D Graphene
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