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Synthesis and Medical Application of 3D Graphene Materials severally, and pure graphene is obtained and dried under vacuum overnight which is characterized by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to show the morphology of graphene (Figure 14 a), or transmission electron microscope (TEM) for the visualization of graphene (Figure 14b) (Zhao et al., 2012). Figure 14. Scheme Showing Various Characterization Methods for Graphene Material (Zhao et al., 2012) b) Conversion of Carbon dioxide into graphene: The method is almost like the calcination of calcium carbonate and magnesium. In this method, magnesium metal is burnt in a CO2 environment to produce carbon materials. 2Mg(s) + CO2(g) 2MgO(s) + C(s) (1) The magnesium ribbons are usually ignited in a dry ice bowl covered up by another dry ice slab. After the combustion of Mg is completed in the presence of the CO2, the black product is usually collected and transferred into a solution of 1M HCl to remove the MgO and Mg metal by stirring the material in the acid, the salts of the Mg are formed which can easily be washed with water, filtered and dried over the high vacuum. The few-layer graphene is further characterized to ascertain the morphology and structure of the graphene material. This method is said to be green as it provides further incentives for the exploration of environmentally friendly methods (Chakrabarti et al., 2011). c) Microwave synthesis and rapid cooling: In the method, metal phthalocyanine (MPc) compounds are widely used as precursors for the synthesis of carbon nanosized materials. The precursor (MPc) is carbonized by microwave synthesis at high temperatures followed by rapid cooling. The fresh graphite surfaces are generated through the neighbour carbon atomic layer cleavages, to release the thermal stress caused by the rapid cooling of the high temperature thereby forming the graphene (Figure 15). The common coolants used are often water, a mixture of water and ice, and liquid nitrogen. NH4Cl is used as the protective material because it can decompose into NH3 and HCl gases at high temperatures, these gases protect the graphite at high temperatures. The advantages of this method are high reaction rates, selectivity, and 2532|Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science, 2(5), Feb, 2023PDF Image | Medical Application of 3D Graphene
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