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Chapter 1 Introduction to Carbon Materials The experimental and theoretical study of graphene, two-dimensional (2D) graphite, is an extremely rapidly growing field of today’s condensed matter research. A milestone was the experimental evidence of an unusual quan- tum Hall effect reported in September 2005 by two different groups, the Manchester group led by Andre Geim and a Columbia-Princeton collabora- tion led by Philip Kim and Horst Stormer [1, 2]. Since this moment and until March 2008, the beginning of the present series of lectures, almost 700 manuscripts with “graphene” in their title have been posted on the preprint server www.arXiv.org (see Fig. 1.1). The reasons for this enormous scientific interest are manyfold, but one may highlight some major motivations. First, one may emphasise its possible technological potential. One of the first publications on graphene in 2004 by the Geim group proved indeed the possibility of an electric field effect in graphene, i.e. the possibility to control the carrier density in the graphene sheet by simple application of a gate voltage [3]. This effect is a fundamental element for the design of electronic devices. Today’s silicon-based electronics reaches its limits in miniaturisation, which is on the order of 50 nm for an electric channel, whereas it has been shown that a narrow graphene strip with a width of only a few nanometers may be used as a transistor [4], i.e. the basic electronics component. One may therefore hope to improve the miniaturisation by one order of magnitude when using graphene-based electronics. Apart from these promising technological applications, two major moti- 1PDF Image | Physical Properties of Graphene
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