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2 Introduction to Carbon Materials 398 25 154 400 300 200 100 before 2006 2006 2007 Figure 1.1: Number of manuscripts with “graphene” in the title posted on the preprint server. In interpreting these numbers, one must, however, consider that several publica- tions on graphene appeared before 2006, e.g. in the framework of carbon-nanotube or graphite research. At this moment, the name “graphene” was not commonly used. vations for fundamental research may be emphasised. Graphene is the first truely 2D crystal ever observed in nature. This is remarkable because the existence of 2D crystals has often been doubted in the past, namely due to a theorem (Mermin-Wagner theorem) which states that a 2D crystal looses its long-range order, and thus melts, at any small but non-zero temperature, due to thermal fluctuations. Furthermore, electrons in graphene show rel- ativistic behaviour, and the system is therefore an ideal candidate for the test of quantum-field theoretical models which have been developed in high- energy physics. Most promenently, electrons in graphene may be viewed as massless charged fermions living in 2D space, particles one usually does not encounter in our three-dimensional world. Indeed, all massless elementary particles happen to be electrically neutral, such as photons or neutrinos.1 Graphene is therefore an exciting bridge between condensed-matter and high- energy physics, and the research on its electronic properties unites scientists with various thematic backgrounds. The discussion of graphene’s electronic properties and how such relativistic effects are revealed in electric transport measurements is naturally a prominent part of the present lecture notes. The interest in graphene is not only limited to the scientific community. An important number of large-audience articles have recently been published. The following list of (more or less serious) citations reveals this broad interest 1The neutrino example is only partially correct. It has been shown that neutrinos must indeed have a tiny non-zero mass.PDF Image | Physical Properties of Graphene
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