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2. GRAPHENE: PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTION Peierls10 and Landau et al.11 argued more than 75 years ago that strictly 2d crystals were theoretically impossible since the thermal fluctuations would destroy the long range crystalline order. Subsequent experimental observations showed that as the thickness of films decreased (to dozens of atomic layers), the melting point of the films also decreased, making them unstable due to island segregation or decomposition.12 Thus whilst atomic monolayers have always been known to be an integral part of larger 3d structures, it was believed that without such a 3d base, 2d materials could not exist. This assumption was dispelled with the isolation of 2d graphene in 20041 and other materials13 by Prof. Andre Geim and Prof. Kostya Novoselov at The University of Manchester, UK.14 However, these new 2d materials were found not to violate Peierls’ calculations by either being a coating on a bulk material or forming a wave when freely suspended.15, 16 2.1. STRUCTURE AND MORPHOLOGY OF GRAPHENE Graphene is an allotrope of carbon and is a 2d atomic crystal which consists of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice structure. It is considered as a basic building block of other carbon based allotropes; it can be wrapped around to form 0d fullerenes, rolled to form 1d carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and stacked to form 3d graphite (Figure 2.1). Figure 2.1: Graphene is a 2d building material for other dimension carbon nanomaterials. It can be wrapped up into 0d fullerenes, rolled into 1d carbon nanotubes or stacked into 3d graphite.14 Chapter 2 – Graphene: Properties and Production 29PDF Image | PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS OF GRAPHENE AND ITS COMPOSITES
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