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ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology, 2020 9 093013 Table II. Advantage and disadvantage of top-down and bottom-up methods from several studies. Top-Down Method Techniques Micromechanical exfoliation Direct sonication of graphite Electrochemical Super acid dissolution of graphite Bottom-up method Confined self- assembly CVD Arc discharge New method Laser ablation Typical Dimension Lateral Advantage • large size • unmodified graphene sheets • unmodified graphene • low cost • fast • simple step and simple purification • single-step functionalization and exfoliation • high electrical conductivity of functionalized graphene • high quality • environmentally friendly • Possible to be mass produced • unmodified graphene • measurable thickness can be controlled • large size • high quality Able to produce ∼10 g h−1 of graphene rapid, simple, flexible and inexpensive procedure environmentally friendly high productivity scalability experiment parameter is easy to control eliminate the substrate interference • high quality Disadvantage • very small-scale production • small production • Separation needed ionic liquids are costly • Involve the use hazardous of chemical (chlorosulfonic acid) • Acid removal is costly existence of defects small production scale • low yield • carbonaceous impurities • high input energy • small laser-irradiating area for evapor- ating the target material • need solid carbon as a material source References 1 121, 128 123, 129, 130, 131–139 121, 140 121, 141 6, 26, 142 22–24, 143, 144 36, 103, 145, 146 Thickness few layer single and multiple layers single and few layers mostly single layer single layer mono and few layer single, bi and few layers • single, bi and few layers • close to single crystal μm to cm μm or sub-μm 500–700 nm 300–900 nm 100’s nm very large few 100 nm to few μm less than 100 nmPDF Image | Progress in Graphene Synthesis
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