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Figure 11. Modified flow-chart of graphene production.89 graphene produced by using such method is it makes it as a suitable choice for an electric charger used for conducting composite materials. Kim et al. in 2016 reported a controllable and scalable aqueous arc discharge process that produces high quality bi- and trilayers of graphene.144 However, they still found by products when using this method, hence a separation method needs to be developed. Development of the arc discharge method to produce graphene was also studied by Cheng et al. in 2018,23 where they combined a vacuum arc discharge by using CVD method. Graphene was synthesized in a copper foil by using a furnace at a high temperature embedded in a vacuum arc discharge. This merging method can produce a single layer graphene at a high temperature. Wu et al. explained the mechanism of the arc discharge method to obtain graphene sheets in different atmospheres for large-scale graphene production (Fig. 10).189 Graphene sheets were synthesized using activated carbon as an anode and cathode by arc discharge method under a mixed gases conditions where in this case, nitrogen (N2) and hydrogen (H2) gases were used. The alternating current in the process causes both electrodes to react and evaporate simulta- neously, thus eliminating the formation of deposits at the cathode.143,187,189 This process increases the temperature, which is needed to increase the diffusion rate of carbon atoms and clusters. The increasing of diffusion rate allows all carbon species and gas molecules to collide between each other. Graphene product can easily be obtained only if hydrogen gas is used since hydrogen gas has a very high cooling rate. To obtain such conditions, Wu et al. combined the hydrogen gas with inert gas such as N2, which has low thermal conductivity, in order to generate a graphene product with satisfactory quality.189 According to the explanation above, the advantages and dis- advantages of all methods mentioned above (top-down and bottom- up) are summarized in Table II. Challenging and Future Outlook for Research and Industry The advancements in the production strategies have been described, whilst the literatures have been analyzed extensively in evaluating the reinforcement efficiency of each graphene type in a range of matrices by involving different synthesis routes. It should be stated that there are still several challenges to overcome before industries can proceed with the mass production of graphene. An example of the challenges faced is the scale up of the production of high-quality graphene, as this is still a major issue which is always going to be reflected on the ultimate properties of the materials. Based on the findings presented earlier, the best quality graphene to be used in research and industry is the material with the largest aspect ratio with a thickness of few layers. In order for a graphene to be successfully produced graphene, all the parameters should be considered and controlled according to the method or route selected. The product of graphene still needs some characterization, which is compatible to industry scale. The important characterization tech- nique to obtain graphene is Raman spectroscopy, XRD, XPS and other additional characterization for special application such as electrical or surface area parameters. The different ways of further promoting graphene for mass production is presented in Fig. 11. It correlates the price of mass production toward the graphene quality obtained using various methods. The best route for graphene synthesis is using a new method, i.e. laser ablation. It opens the possibility of producing a high-quality graphene with the lowest number of defects. This method also is faster than the available method. Simple in procedure and control make this method have the lowest price for mass production which is the important factor in industrial production. Another suitable alternative which may be able to further build on is the electrochemical method. The principle of electrochemical method is to utilize the conductivity of the graphite to intercalate molecules between graphene layers.129,153,159,163,105 Using graphite as an electrode with the presence of electrical energy, intercalation of different charged ionic and facilitating exfoliation is able to be executed.153 Many researchers have reported that graphene produc- tion by electrochemical method exhibits a further possibility of avoiding the use of hazardous chemicals by utilizing electrochemical activation. Electrochemical method may also be applied to obtain a relatively high-quality product with minimum defect and a tunable level of oxidation. Furthermore, electrochemical process also demonstrates the possibility of purifying products in simpler steps when compared to other purifying methods.153 Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge to the Indonesian Government, espe- cially the Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia (KEMENRISTEKDIKTI) for sup- porting the research funding of this work under project scheme of Penelitian Disertasi Doktor (PDD) with grant number: T/115/IT2. VII/HK.00.02/XI/2019 and 1244/PKS/ITS/2020. This research is also partially funded by the Indonesian Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education under WCU Program, managed by Institut Teknologi Bandung grant number: 1896t/I1.B04.2/SPP/ 2019. ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology, 2020 9 093013 Kartika A. Madurani Fredy Kurniawan ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8694-9000 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9777-0989 References 1. A. K. Geim and K. S. Novoselov, Nat. Mater., 6, 183 (2007). 2. W. Ren and H.-M. Cheng, Nat. Nanotechnol., 9, 726 (2014). 3. A. Arshad, M. Jabbal, Y. Yan, and D. Reay, J. Mol. Liq., 279, 444 (2019), http:// sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167732218350207. 4. J.-H. Choi, C. Lee, S. Cho, G. D. Moon, B. Kim, H. Chang, and H. D. Jang, Carbon, 132, 16 (2018). 5. D. A. C. Brownson and C. E. Banks, Analyst, 135, 2768 (2010). 6. K. E. Whitener and P. E. Sheehan, Diam. Relat. Mater., 46, 25 (2014). 7. E. B. Bahadır and M. K. Sezgintürk, TrAC, Trends Anal. Chem., 76, 1 (2016). 8. S. Sarma, S. C. Ray, and A. M. Strydom, Diam. Relat. Mater., 79, 1 (2017). 9. D. G. Papageorgiou, I. A. Kinloch, and R. J. Young, Prog. Mater Sci., 90, 75 (2017). 10. Y. Zhong, Z. Zhen, and H. Zhu, FlatChem, 4, 20 (2017). 11. S. Schöche, N. Hong, M. Khorasaninejad, A. Ambrosio, E. Orabona, P. Maddalena, and F. Capasso, Appl. Surf. Sci., 421, 778 (2017).PDF Image | Progress in Graphene Synthesis
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