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Applied and Environmental Soil Science 7 Bulk crystal Layer-engineered exfoliation EPOFIX HOPG embedded in epoxy and trimmed Ultrasharp wedge alignment Figure 2: Diamond wedge method [18]. Repeated 1 mm HOPG 0.5 mm Bubbles collapse Micro jets Compressive stress wave Refected to form normal tensile stress, peeling layers apart Primary way “wedge” efect shear efect Secondary way Exfoliation and fragmentation Deposition of Exfoliation of Transfer to stressor film top graphene target substrate Figure 3: Layer-engineered exfoliation process [19]. Ultra sharp wedge mounted on an ultrasonic oscillation system with the oxygen in the graphene oxide to produce reduced graphene oxide. Te resulting reduced graphene oxide shows an electrical conductivity of 2.1×103Sm−1 [37–39]. (3) Organic solvents: Graphene oxide dispersions made with organic solvents such as DMF are reduced at 463 K for an hour. Te DMF breaks down to carbon monoxide and dimethyl amine. Te resulting carbon mon- oxide is a strong reducing agent which reacts with the oxygen from the graphene oxide to form a dispersion of reduced graphene oxide [40]. Graphene oxide prepared from graphite using the Hummer’s method can be heated in situ with ox- idizing agents at 393 K for 2 hours to produce re- duced graphene oxide dispersion. Te resulting Figure 4: Working principle of sonication [26].PDF Image | State-of-the-Art Graphene Synthesis Methods
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