State-of-the-Art Graphene Synthesis Methods

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State-of-the-Art Graphene Synthesis Methods ( state-of-the-art-graphene-synthesis-methods )

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Applied and Environmental Soil Science 17 e g wC F Fl l a a s s h h i i g Carbon source n n C C h h a am mb B B w o r r a s a s s s s s c c r r e o p b e er r C l ol o p p p e e r w r w o o 24 V Power switch Indicator lamp Arduino 2.5 Ω Inductor Kill switch Capacitor switch C C C 200 kΩ C Charging Discharging 100 Ω Current knob 5 kΩ Power supply 100 kΩ Figure 20: Electrical circuitry for FJH graphene [76]. Vcap vacuum of −10 mm Hg to aid in the sublimation of het- eroatoms and hydrogen (however, the process is possible at atmosphere pressure). While in fash joule heating, the content in the quartz tube must reach a minimum tem- perature of 3000K to ensure efective conversion of the carbon black into high-quality turbostratic graphene. Tis was achieved through utilizing a 60-mF capacitor bank discharging 110–120V for a fash duration of 30–100ms (with a discharge time of 50 ms) when working with 0.03 g of carbon black. Te quality of the turbostratic graphene is clear in the Raman spectra in Figure 20 [76, 77]: (i) At capacitor voltages less than 90 V, the fash gra- phene produced had signifcant structural defects shown by the high D peaks in the Raman spectra. (ii) Optimal capacitor voltage is shown to be 110 V with a higher I2D/G and low ID/G (indicative of low defect concentration). (iii) Te graph shows the ideal temperature and fash duration, 3100 K and 10 ms, respectively, when the 2D peak is the highest with f and g, indicative of the fact from the Raman spectra (Figure 21). When the compression of the carbon source is increased between the electrodes, its conductivity increases, resulting in resistance variance of carbon source. Figure 21(e) shows the efect that the resistance of starting material of the sample has on the quality of FJH graphene. 4. Importance of Flash Joule Heating Method Implementing the fash joule heating process to convert solid waste to fash graphene on an industrial scale has the po- tential to reduce the need for landflls. Compared to current solid waste treatment processes where the product is dis- posed of (as with ash and char from pyrolysis), fash

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