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A. Adetayo, D. Runsewe Figure 5. (a) Schematic showing the intercalation of potassium between layers during chemical exfoliation process [46]; (b) SEM micrographs of chemically exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets [46]; (c) Schematic illustrating the production of negatively charged graphene sheets [48]. Figure 5(b) shows SEM micrographs of the chemically exfoliated GNP with ~10 nm thickness and ~30 layers. Viculis et al. also carried out exfoliation via GIC formation using an alkali metal such as Cesium (Cs) and NaK2 (sodium-potassium) alloy [32]. Work by ValleĢs et al. [48] utilized ternary potassium salt K(THF)xC24 tetrahydrofuran (THF) as the alkali metal to prepare potassium-intercalated GICs which was dispersed in N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) to yield a stable dis- persion of negatively charged SLG as shown in Figure 5(c). One major challenge in this work was the reassembly of produced graphene back into graphite. Later studies have incorporated surfactants in the solvent used and utilized immiscible liquids such as heptane and water [48] [49]. Other studies have utilized ferric chloride, supercritical carbon dioxide, and nitrome- thane as the intercalation chemicals [50] [51] [52]. Graphene synthesis through chemical exfoliation is important and unique as it can produce a large amount of graphene at a low temperature. It is also scala- ble and can be extended to a wide range of functionalized graphene production. 2.1.3. Chemical Synthesis Chemical reduction of graphite oxide (GO) is one of the conventional ways of preparing graphene in large quantities. The three routes available for GO syn- thesis; the Brodie method [5], Staudenmaier method [53], and Hummers me- thod [54] consist of oxidation of graphite through strong acids and oxidants such as concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4), nitric acid, and potassium perman- ganate. Oxidation degree can be varied by the stoichiometry, reaction conditions DOI: 10.4236/ojcm.2019.92012 212 Open Journal of Composite MaterialsPDF Image | Synthesis and Fabrication of Graphene and Graphene Oxide
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