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A. Adetayo, D. Runsewe 3.3. Scanning Electron Microscopy Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique is used to determine surface morphology and number of layers of graphene. This is achieved through fo- cusing a beam of energetic electrons on the sample. Like optical microscopy, there is a contrast difference between graphene layers and the substrate. Figure 14(d) shows a micrograph from SEM for mechanical exfoliated graphene layers [102]. 3.4. High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) HRTEM is a very powerful characterization technique for graphene’s structural characterizations. Its mode of operation is very similar to the SEM, but in this, the electron beam transmitted through the ultrathin sample. Atomic resolution images can be obtained using the HRTEM. Figure 14(e) shows the atomic ar- rangement of graphene structure and interfaces using HRTEM [103]. 3.5. Raman Spectroscopy Raman spectroscopy is one of the most important technique used today for gra- phene characterization. It is a nondestructive technique which reveals bonding information. It displays this information as unique fingerprints of graphene in Raman spectra. Information relation to the graphene quality, number of gra- phene layers, induced strain, presence of defects, and the lattice mismatch can be determined by this technique. Raman spectra of monolayer graphene displays characteristics D-band, G-band, and 2D band at its respective positions of ~1350 cm−1, ~1580 cm−1, and ~2690 cm−1 respectively [5]. Figure 14(f) shows the Ra- man spectra of different layers of graphene on SiO2/Si substrate using a laser power of ~532 nm [104]. Several other characterization techniques for graphene exist, the mostly used methods have been discussed in this paper. 4. Application Since the ground-breaking discovery of the wonder material, graphene, there has been numerous outstanding roles of the material in this century. There are so many areas of application of the novel material. Recent progress in green tech- nology has emerged from the exceptional mechanical, electronics, magnetic, optical, and surface area of functionalized graphene bringing about commercia- lization and innovative solutions to existing problems such as electronic and photonic applications for ultrahigh-frequency graphene-based devices, anode for li-ion battery [19], sensors [24], nanosized graphene in physics and materials science [21], supercapacitors [23], in ceramics [105], membranes [14], lightweight gas tanks, solar cells, flexible electronics, composite materials, and so many oth- ers [105]. Vast areas of research and development continue to open in the area of graphene applications to numerous fields including medicine, electronics, and energy [106] [107] [108]. DOI: 10.4236/ojcm.2019.92012 222 Open Journal of Composite MaterialsPDF Image | Synthesis and Fabrication of Graphene and Graphene Oxide
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