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that larger I2D/IG (the integrated peak ratio between 2D- and G- bands) shows the higher degree of sp2-hybridized carbon-carbon bonding in graphene structure [20-24]. In the present case I2D/IG ~3.0 which is high as compare to previous studies [15, 25]. The 2-D peak at 2730 cm-1 brings out the signature of graphene. A curious characteristics exhibited by the Raman spectra shown in Fig. 9 is the complete absence of D peak. As is known this peaks originates due to disorder present in the graphene sheets. This peak is invariably present in all the graphene prepared through exfoliation. This also includes electrochemical exfoliation using ionic and acidic electrolytes [13, 15, and 17]. It can thus be said that the present method where basic electrolytes are used, produces nearly defect free graphene sheets. The present method of preparation of graphene sheets in fact corresponds to taking out individual or FLG sheets intact from the graphitic stacks. 5. Mechanism of formation of graphitic sheets by electrochemical exfoliation under alkaline electrolyte Most of the graphene synthesis through electrochemical exfoliation has used acidic electrolyte typified by H2SO4. The H2SO4 in solution have SO42- ion which has size of ~4.60 Å [26]. This is about ~1.37 times higher than the interlayer spacing of 3.35 Å between graphitic layers in graphite. The SO42- ions under applied voltage intercalate between graphitic layers and being bigger (~4.60 Å) they push the graphitic layers farther apart making the spacing greater than 3.35 Å. It leads to weakening of Van der Waals bonding which eventually leads to exfoliation. In the present electrochemical exfoliation, alkaline electrolyte having preponderance of OH- ions has been used. The OH- ions have a size of ~0.958Å [27], which is much smaller than graphitic interlayer spacing of 3.35 Å. Even the hydrated OH- ions has size of ~2.503 Å [27], which again is smaller than graphitic interlayer spacing of 3.35 Å.PDF Image | Synthesis Graphene Electrochemical Exfoliation of Graphite
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