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1294 Yuxin Yan et al. Figure 6: Potential precursors utilized for the generation of graphene. on the processing method used. While capable of produ- cing high-quality graphene in some instances, the overuse of graphene as a precursor has to be addressed. The world’s graphite stores are not as bountiful as other materials such as coal, and thus the limitation in supply makes high-purity graphite expensive and diffi- cult to source [113]. The synthetic production of graphite is currently complex and requires several raw materials as the mechanism of interaction between graphite crys- tallites and porosity is still not fully understood [114]. The extraction of graphite from waste products, such as dis- carded dry cell batteries, is an environmentally friendly and cost-effective source for graphene production. Pre- vious studies succeeded in synthesizing graphene from waste battery graphite electrodes through Hummers’ method [115] and electrochemical exfoliation [116]. Bandi et al. [117] increased the efficiency of the process by uti- lizing both the graphite anode and the cathode in place of inert materials, which led to a GO yield of 88%. The wealth of information provided by extensive studies of graphene makes it an attractive starting mate- rial. As a non-renewable resource with already limited reserves, the consequences of extensive use of graphite must be considered with the necessity for more studies into the possibility of graphite reuse from waste for the production of graphene. While most graphite processing methods show high graphene yields, the surface defects are extensive, mainly due to the agglomeration rates. Hence, appropriate non-polluting and non-toxic surfac- tants and stabilizers need to be identified to overcome this problem further to establish graphite as a viable industrial starting material. 3.1.2 GO GO is a hydrophilic, non-conducting carbon material with a graphene lattice structure dotted with severalPDF Image | Synthesis of graphene Potential carbon precursors
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