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Nanomaterials 2023, 13, 1257 7 of 20 water molecules lowers the freezing point. Thus, the ZnCl2–ZnI2 WIS electrolyte provides enhanced capacity, even at −20 ◦C [81]. The WIS electrolytes work well with battery-type electrode materials and exhibit better electrochemical performances. For example, the organic polymer composed of mixed aromatic amine groups exhibits battery-type behavior in the 30 m ammonium acetate WIS electrolyte [78]. The granular-like morphology of self-assembled polymeric chains is more suitable for improved electrolyte intercalation into the polymeric structures. The CV and GCD plots show the well-separated redox peaks (due to the reversible conversion of aromatic benzenoid forms to quinoid forms) and potential plateau, respectively, which are evident in the battery-type behavior. The above polymer is serving as a cathode material for a battery–supercapacitor hybrid device with better electrochemical performance. In addition, the high concentration of salt in WIS increases the interaction between water molecules and salts. This result is confirmed by the radial distribution function (RDF) studies of lithium acetate (LiAc) electrolytes. The RDF curve of Figure 3b,c implies that the distance between the H atom linked with the C atom in the acetate anion (Hc) and the Nanomaterials2023,13,xFORPEERREOVIaEtWom in H2O (Ow) fluctuates between 0.36 (1 m LiAc) and 0.35 nm (13 m LiAc8).oTfh22is indicates that the interaction between H2O molecules and acetate ions develops strongly in concentrated electrolytes [82]. Figure 3. (a) A pictorial comparison of the structures of salt-in-water and WIS electrolytes. Reprinted Figure 3. (a) A pictorial comparison of the structures of salt-in-water and WIS electrolytes. Re- with the permission of [72]. RDF curves of (b) 1 m LiAc and (c) 13 m LiAc electrolytes obtained using printed with the permission of [72]. RDF curves of (b) 1 m LiAc and (c) 13 m LiAc electrolytes ob- molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Reprinted with the permission of [82]. tained using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Reprinted with the permission of [82]. 33.2.2..DDeepepEEuutetecctitcicSSoolvlvenentstsEElelecctrtroolylytetess TThheedeep eutectic solvent((DEESS))isisananexeaxmamplpeloefoafgaregerneenlecetlreocltyrtoelyfotermfoerdmbeydthbeyatshseo- acsisaotcioiantiofntwofotowrothorerethcoremepconmenptosnweniths swelift-hstsaeblifl-isztatbioilniztahtrioungthrhoyudgrhogheyndbrongdeninbgo. nTdh-is insogl.vTenhtispsoosslveessnetspnosnsflesasmesmnaobnilifltya,mcommapbiolsitiyti,oncoamltpuonsaibtiolintya,llotuwnvaabpiloitryp,rleoswsuvrea,paonrdpgroeos-d thermal and chemical stability. It attracts special interest due to the ease of preparation and sure, and good thermal and chemical stability. It attracts special interest due to the ease of preparation and low production cost. In addition to acting as an electrolyte, DESs have also been utilized as sources of carbon/metal, templates, and active reagents in the pro- duction of nanomaterials [70]. DESs can be used in many different applications, including electrochemistry, material chemistry, catalysis, metal processing, separation, and extrac- tion [83–87]. The DES is a multicomponent system in which the correct acceptors andPDF Image | Water-in-Salt Eutectic Solvent-Based Liquid Electrolytes
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