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Lithium Ion Battery Safety Guidance MIT

Lithium Hazard Technology Report
This comprehensive report provides a technical analysis of large-scale lithium energy storage systems, focusing on 1 MW+ containerized solutions. It delves into the risks of thermal runaway, fire hazards, and toxic gas emissions, along with strategies for fire prevention, monitoring, and site-specific installation considerations. Additionally, it covers the impact of lithium fires on insurance costs and outlines best practices for safety, scalability, and operational efficiency. Emerging technologies and regulatory frameworks are also discussed to provide actionable insights for manufacturers, operators, and policymakers.


Publication Title | Lithium Ion Battery Safety Guidance MIT

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Appendix C
LiPo/Li-ion Battery C-Rating Explained
C Rating is the tested value at which a battery can be continuously charged or discharged without damage. The following formula allows calculating the maximum constant discharge current you can draw from the Li-ion/LiPo pack safely without harming the battery pack.
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤 (𝐴) = 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝐴h) 𝑥 𝐶 − 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
For example, if you have a 1000mAh (=1Ah), 20C LiPo pack (3S), your safe max current draw would be
1𝐴h ∙ 20𝐶 = 20𝐴
For this particular example, it is possible to draw more current than the 20A, but it is not recommended as it might damage the battery.
Cell Energy Example
The formula to calculate the cell energy is
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 (𝑊h) = 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝐴h) ∙ 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒(𝑉)
Where Q is the capacity of the battery (Ah) and V is the nominal voltage of the battery (V).
The energy for the battery in the picture is
𝐸=5.2𝐴h ∙3.7𝑉=19.24𝑊h
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