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Safety of Grid Scale Lithium-ion Battery Energy Storage Systems

Lithium Hazard Technology Report
This comprehensive report provides a technical analysis of large-scale lithium energy storage systems, focusing on 1 MW+ containerized solutions. It delves into the risks of thermal runaway, fire hazards, and toxic gas emissions, along with strategies for fire prevention, monitoring, and site-specific installation considerations. Additionally, it covers the impact of lithium fires on insurance costs and outlines best practices for safety, scalability, and operational efficiency. Emerging technologies and regulatory frameworks are also discussed to provide actionable insights for manufacturers, operators, and policymakers.


Publication Title | Safety of Grid Scale Lithium-ion Battery Energy Storage Systems

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References
[1] Major Emergency Report MER 49652 (Liverpool City Council, Environmental Health Dept) Report from Merseyside Fire and Rescue Services and operator Ørsted into the battery fire at Carnegie Rd, Liverpool, 14-15 September 2020.
Promised January 2021 but still not released as of May 2021.
MER 49652 is a Liverpool City Council file code.
[2] Washington Post 19 April 2021
[3] Letter 2 August, 2019 from Commissioner Sandra Kennedy, of the Arizona Public Service Commission. Docket E-01345A-19-0076, State of Arizona Public Service Commission.
[4] Energy Storage News.
[5] Liverpool echo, 15 September 2020.
[6] Cleve Hill Development Consent Order. https://infrastructure.planninginspectorate.gov.uk/wp-
content/ipc/uploads/projects/EN010085/EN010085-001957- 200528%20EN010085%20CHSP%20Development%20Consent%20Order.pdf
[7] Sunnica Preliminary Environmental Information Report, Ch 3: Scheme Description
[8] D. Hill (2020). McMicken BESS event: Technical Analysis and Recommendations, Arizona Public Service. Technical support for APS related to McMicken thermal runaway and explosion.”
Report by DNV-GL to Arizona Public Service, 18 July 2020. Document 10209302-HOU-R-01
[9] McKinnon, M B, DeCrane S, Kerber S (2020).
“Four fire-fighters injured in Lithium-ion Battery Energy Storage System explosion – Arizona”.
Underwriters Laboratories report July 28, 2020.
UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, Columbia, MD 20145
[10] Li-ion batteries video.
[11] Larsson F, Andersson P, Blomqvist P, Mellander BE (2017). Toxic fluoride gas emissions from lithium-ion battery fires.
Scientific Reports 7, 10018 doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-09784-z
[12] Public Health England (2017).
Hydrogen Fluoride and Hydrofluoric acid – Incident Management, PHE gateway number 2014790
[13] Golubkov A W, Fuchs D, Wagner J et al. (2014).
Thermal runaway experiments on consumer Li-ion batteries with metal-oxide and olivin-type cathodes. RSC Advances 4, 3633-3642 doi: 10.1039/c3ra45748f
[14] D J C MacKay (2009) “Sustainable Energy – Without the Hot Air” UIT Cambridge Ltd p329

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