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alkylation of p-/m-xylene, cresols, and xylenols, which causes the consumption of p-/m-xylene and the increase of larger molecules. Table 3. Effect of catalysts on the product distribution from converting m-cresol with methanol. Type of Catalyst m-Cresol conversion % Alkanes Benzene Toluene p-/m-Xylene o-Xylene a PAB Phenol o-Cresol Xylenols b PAP Oxygenated compounds others 1.0wt. % Pt/Z-25 94.5 7.0 4.2 36.9 27.8 8.3 7.8 0.3 1.6 3.6 1.2 6.5 1.4 0.6wt. % Pt/Z-57 83.4 8.1 2.6 28.7 29.6 8.9 10.4 0.4 2.1 6.0 1.5 10.0 0.9 1.0wt. % Pt/Z-57 91.8 Selectivity % 9.6 4.0 32.4 28.0 8.5 8.6 0.3 0.8 3.9 1.7 6.7 1.6 1.0wt. % Pt/Z-57D 96.7 10.4 1.3 23.3 34.3 10.4 16.0 0.2 0.6 2.0 1.0 3.8 0.4 1.0wt. % Pt/Z-107 93.7 8.0 3.3 35.3 28.7 8.6 9.3 0.3 1.4 3.4 1.0 6.1 0.7 10.0wt. % Ni/Z-107 85.1 11.4 5.5 33.3 22.7 6.9 6.2 1.3 4.8 6.7 0.8 13.6 0.4 1.0wt. % Pt/B-25 97.2 4.8 0.4 4.5 14.2 4.2 45.9 0.3 0.9 8.5 12.5 22.1 4.0 a PAB is polyalkylated benzenes; b PAP is polyalkylated phenols; Reaction conditions: m-cresol/methanol molar ratio = 1/4, W/F = 75 gcat ̈ h/gm -cresol , reaction temperature = 698 K, carrier gas = H2, pressure = 2 MPa. As a consequence, the nature of the supporter and metal of a catalyst has significant influence on the catalytic hydrodeoxygenation and methylation of m-cresol. The optimal catalyst should have suitable pore structure, metal loading, and acid amount. Among the investigated catalysts, 1.0 wt. % Pt/Z-57D is the best with highest p-/m-xylene selectivity of 34.3% in the experimental condition. 2.4. Catalytic Hydrodeoxygenation and Methylation of Other Phenols Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation and methylation of other lignin-derived model compounds (guaiacol and p-cresol) were carried out over the optimum catalyst (Pt/Z-57D) at the phenolic compound/methanol ratio of 1/4 at 673 K. As shown in Table 4, the reactivity of the tested phenolics decreases in the order guaiacol (100.0%) > m-cresol (95.3%) > p-cresol (93.0%). The selectivities of alkanes (33.8% > 27.3% > 17.5%) and benzene (6.6% > 1.3% > 1.1%) are in the same order as that of the reactivity, while the order of the selectivities of toluene (14.4% < 18.0% < 23.1%) and p-/m-xylene (21.3% < 22.2% < 30.0%) are opposite. The higher selectivities of alkylated compounds (toluene, p-/m-xylene, polyalkylated benzenes, and xylenols) from cresol conversion than those from guaiacol conversion may be attributed to the methyl group directly connecting with the aromatic ring in the cresol molecule. The different product distribution from p-cresol conversion with methanol and m-cresol conversion with methanol may relate to the electronic effect caused by the different position of the methyl group. 217PDF Image | Zeolite Catalysis
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