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Fig. 2. Construction of the cell stack. Generally the cells are grouped together in blocks known as stacks. In each stack the cells are connected electrically in series by bipolar plates, i.e. conducting plates that have positive electrolyte on one side and negative on the other. Each cell of a flow battery is practically identical, because they share the same electrolytes. Therefore, the stack voltage is the sum of the voltage of the individual cells. The main components of a cell stack are shown in Fig. 2. Fig. 3 is a schematic of the operation of the VRB. The philosophy of operation is based on the fact that when connected to the electrical network, the battery cells store energy through charging; this energy is later released to the power system during the discharge cycles – ideal for storage of excess generation from distributed resources (wind turbines). During charging, electrolyte flow is forced across both sides of an ionic exchange membrane as electrical current is applied to the VRB-ESS cell stack. This results in an electrochemical reaction forcing protons to pass through the membrane causing a change in the vanadium valence. This change in valence represents stored chemical energy that can be recovered by reversing the process through the VRB-ESS cell stack. Control of flow conditions and electrical performance is automatically maintained by the battery controller. ACEP 12-03 | March 2012 ADVANCED ENERGY STORAGE RESEARCH 4 | A C E PPDF Image | Advanced Battery Storage Systems Testing at ACEP VRB ESS
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