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ACEP 12-03 | March 2012 Oxidation States Fig. 4. Principle of the Vanadium Redox flow battery9. Fig. 4 illustrates the redox concept. The VRB consists of an assembly of power cells in which the two electrolyte solutions with a different redox potential are kept separated by an ion exchange membrane. This membrane allows one electrolyte to ionize the other by exchanging electrons while preventing the two solutions to physically mix. Both electrolytes are vanadium based – the electrolyte in the positive half-cells contains VO2+ and VO2+ ions, the electrolyte in the negative half-cells, V3+ and V2+ ions. The electrolytes are typically prepared by a number of processes, including electrolytically dissolving vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) in sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The solution remains strongly acidic in use. Both half-cells are additionally connected to storage tanks and pumps so that very large volumes of the electrolytes can be circulated through the cell. Generally, metal ions that change valence can be used in a redox system, and the vanadium (V2+/V3+ – VO2+/VO2+) platform is among the best redox systems when such factors as energy density and economics are considered. The vanadium redox battery exploits the ability of vanadium to exist in 4 different oxidation states, and uses this property to make a battery that has just one electroactive element instead of two. 9 Courtesy of Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd (SEI), Japan – Copyright 2009. ADVANCED ENERGY STORAGE RESEARCH 5 | A C E PPDF Image | Advanced Battery Storage Systems Testing at ACEP VRB ESS
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