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The performance testing showed that the efficiency of the battery was over 70% on a DC in DC out basis, a figure that sits well with the spec sheet values. The efficiency plots are in the Appendix. Efficiency is based on the total DC energy put into the battery versus the useful energy released on discharge in kW-hrs. Fig. 15. Schematic of the battery system. The red arrows indicate losses from the different parts of the system. As with all storage technologies, every charge/discharge cycle results in some loss of energy due to system inefficiencies. For stand-alone or typical grid-connected applications, this means that from a global perspective, several losses must be accounted for in characterizing the VRB performance: • Power Conversion System (PCS) losses: Whether charging or discharging, power flow through the PCS is subject to losses related to voltage drops across the switching devices. PCS throughput efficiency depends somewhat on load and PCS design, but is typically about 95%. • Battery DC losses: Actual DC losses depend on rate of charge and discharge. Internal battery losses include voltaic losses such as ionic flow resistance and coulombic losses such as cell-to-cell shunt currents. The energy to charge the battery is typically 20% greater than the energy delivered during discharge for a full power rated discharge interval. • Transformer losses: To connect to utility distribution voltages, a transformer must be installed resulting in losses of a few percent. • Pumping losses: Pumping power is an auxiliary load that is drawn whenever electrolyte must be supplied to the stacks. The actual efficiency penalty for pumping depends upon the frequency of cycling and the pump design. ACEP 12-03 | March 2012 Efficiency ADVANCED ENERGY STORAGE RESEARCH 24 | P a g ePDF Image | Advanced Battery Storage Systems Testing at ACEP VRB ESS
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