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Features and Advantages of the VRB Most of the advantages of the vanadium battery are due to the use of the same element in both half-cells which avoids problems of cross-contamination of the two half-cell electrolytes during long-term use. This means that the electrolytes have an indefinite life so that waste disposal issues are minimized. Other advantages of the VRB include: • Cost – they have low cost for large storage capacities. Cost per kWh decreases as energy storage capacity increases, typical projected battery costs for 8 or more hours of storage being as low as US$150 per kWh (EPRI statistics). • Easily upgradeable – existing systems can be readily upgraded and additional storage capacity can be easily installed by changing the tanks and volumes of electrolyte. • Energy and power sizing is independent • Scalable for large applications • High energy and power density • Long cycle life (more than 10,000 charge/discharge cycles) • Easy maintenance. Also, can be both electrically recharged and mechanically refueled, and can be fully discharged without harm to the battery • All cells fed with same solutions and therefore are at the same state-of-charge • High energy efficiencies (projected to range between 80 and 90% in large installations) • Capacity and state-of-charge of the system can be easily monitored by employing an open-circuit cell • Negligible hydrogen evolution during charging • High temperature performance – can be used during severe Alaska winters. Disadvantages • Relatively early-stage technology • Relatively expensive • Relatively large footprint/occupied area – limited opportunities for standard sizes. Major Applications • Peak shaving for &TD upgrade deferral • Small load leveling applications • Backup power applications. ACEP 12-03 | March 2012 ADVANCED ENERGY STORAGE RESEARCH 25 | P a g ePDF Image | Advanced Battery Storage Systems Testing at ACEP VRB ESS
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