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presence of a membrane, enabling this selective ion crossover, is necessary between half-cells. These membranes are called IEMs. The most common IEMs are cation-exchange membranes (CEMs) and anion-exchange membranes (AEMs), which allow only protons and specific negative ions to cross-transfer, respectively. CEMs possess lower ionic resistances due to the higher mobility of protons. However, crossover of positive vanadium ions are frequent for typical acid and vanadium concentrations of VRFB electrolytes. AEMs do not permit the crossover of vanadium ions. However, their ionic conductivity is lower than CEMs, and their chemical stability has been proven to be unsatisfactory for an expected lifetime of 10~20 years. [30][31] Several research groups have developed modified CEMs, [32,33] amphoteric membranes [34] and bipolar membranes [35–37] to overcome the limitations of both AEMs and CEMs. Flow field designs obligate electrolytes to flow through designed pathways. Several studies have reported that the presence of flow field plates reduces pump power and improves overall cell performance. [38–41] The most studied flow field designs are interdigitated flow fields (IFFs), serpentine flow fields (SFFs), and parallel flow fields (PFFs). These designs are shown in Figure 1. 6. IFFs and PFFs promise a lower pressure drop than SFF, however, the electrolytes flow is distributed unevenly in these FFs and the residence time of electrolytes in IFF and PFF is less in comparison to SSF for each reaction cycle. [42–46] It is debatable which FFs are superior at low current densities, however, it is evident that IFFs lose efficiency more rapidly than SFFs at high current densities due to ion transport limitations and presence of nearly stagnant zones due to non- uniform flow distribution. Therefore, the optimal flow field design depends on the parameters of the system for high current densities. [43,46–49] 9PDF Image | Analysis of Fluid Flow in Redox Flow Batteries
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