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understanding that many of these nascent technologies will play a vital role in supporting the array of grid services that exist and necessitate a portfolio of solutions, this is an important issue to address. One crucial avenue needed to solve this problem is to develop new techno-economic models and arguments to motivate the development and, especially, deployment of these more nascent technologies. For example, as mentioned previously, RFBs offer a lot of long-term operational benefits that save costs, and these are not covered in capital cost calculations. While the capital cost benefits to RFBs are well-described in the open literature, there are further economic benefits in operation due to ease of maintenance of open systems (e.g., “tune-ups”, component replacement) that are often not captured in techno-economic discussions. For example, crossover – defined as undesirable active species transport through the semi-permeable membrane that separates the positive and negative electrolytes in the reactor – is usually the most dominant form of capacity fade in RFBs and may halve the accessible capacity within 100-200 cycles [12]. While this is relatively fast fade as compared to that typically experienced by LIBs, the open architecture of RFBs allows for targeted, cost-efficient maintenance: in an RFB, one can access the electrolyte (the component affected by crossover) to repair or replace it directly, without altering the still-viable reactor. This is unlike conventional closed systems like LIBs that require “augmentation” (i.e., replacement or addition of entire new modules), which wastes undecayed reactor components. The costs necessary to maintain performance over time impact the battery’s economic viability, but are not captured in the conventional capital cost estimations that are commonly used to compare and benchmark different technologies [9]. This is especially true for the vanadium RFB (VRFB), which is by far the most researched and deployed RFB chemistry. This chemistry is particularly favored for its strong performance and resiliency in dealing with electrolyte degradation [13], which is facilitated by its design as a “symmetric” chemistry, where all active species are based on a single parent compound [14]. The benefit of this chemical configuration is that the inevitable crossover of active species becomes much less detrimental, as it will not lead to cross-contamination and these losses can be recovered via “rebalancing”: the transfer and recharging of partial or full volumes of electrolyte between the two reservoirs to balance the concentrations of active species [14,15]. Rebalancing allows for indefinite crossover remediation and, thus, lifetime utilization of the same, original electrolyte (assuming other forms electrolyte degradation are managed) [16]. Not many chemistries can be configured in a symmetric 12PDF Image | Bringing Redox Flow Batteries to the Grid
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