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the more complex and, in some cases, more expensive maintenance required to recover capacity losses. Another practical techno-economic consideration that has become central to next-generation design for other, more developed electrochemical storage technologies (e.g., LIBs) is materials availability and supply chains [29]. Understanding how and where critical active species elements are mined, manufactured, produced, etc. can provide crucial insights into the scalability of a particular chemistry. Such studies are virtually absent from the RFB field, understandably due to its nascency. However – just like practical operating considerations such as capacity fade remediation – supply chain analyses can act as another crucial consideration in navigating the vast design space of chemistries that can be employed in the versatile RFB platform. In this vein, Chapter IV is comprised of a study into the vanadium supply chain. Recognizing that we must decarbonize the grid to greater extents relatively quickly to limit the effects of climate change and that the technology readiness level (TRL) of the VRFB system is the highest of all RFB chemistries, I explore the materials availability and supply chain of vanadium to determine the causes of its high and volatile price as well as any limits to the magnitude and rate of possible VRFB deployment. I focus on the production scale and growth rates needed to deploy various amounts of VRFB storage by 2030 and 2050, while also examining opportunities to develop and stabilize the supply chain via rapid growth to the magnitude and distribution of vanadium production and other economic hedging strategies. So far, I have discussed how techno-economic analyses can inform the design of economical RFBs from a theoretical, modeling-based perspective. However, another portion of my thesis exemplifies how such analyses can be translated into lab-based research as well. One chemistry that showed potential for economic broadscale deployment throughout my techno-economic analyses is iron- chromium (Fe-Cr, see Chapter III) because of its use of low-cost and high-abundance materials. Further, the chemistry has already been shown to successfully utilize techniques for cheaply and practically remediating crossover losses for the entire operational lifetime. The promise the chemistry showed from a modeling standpoint piqued my interest in demonstrating it experimentally. One of the lingering issues with this system that I noticed immediately upon trying to run it in the lab is its high rate of side reactions (i.e., hydrogen evolution, another form of electrolyte degradation) that causes rapid capacity fade. Chapter IV is thus an experimental study 14PDF Image | Bringing Redox Flow Batteries to the Grid
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