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?@ A B=65CD E@ + 𝑒 (⎯⎯⎯* 𝑉 (𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒) (II-1) 𝑉𝑂 + 𝐻E𝑂 (⎯⎯* 𝑉𝑂E + 𝑒 + 2𝐻 (𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒) (II-2) Because all redox species are based on the same parent compound, crossover does not lead to permanent capacity fade and can be recovered via electrolyte maintenance. This unique feature differentiates VRFBs from other RFBs that rely on asymmetric chemistries as it can significantly reduce maintenance costs throughout the operational lifetime. These cost savings can potentially negate the relatively high upfront cost of vanadium, as compared to other possible charge-storage compounds [39]. C Figure II-1 – Schematic representation of the full and partial rebalancing techniques. The primary method for recovering the lost capacity in VRFBs is termed rebalancing, where the negative and positive electrolytes are mixed to equilibrate the concentration of vanadium ions in each electrolyte. Rebalancing is generally performed once the accessible capacity drops to a predefined level that is determined by application requirements. In general, electrolyte aliquots are transferred from the positive half-cell to the negative half-cell, as concentration accumulation generally occurs on the positive side of the battery due to the cumulative transport effects of the various active species ions and the properties of conventional polymeric membranes [12,40,41]. An average 3.5+ oxidation state is expected after rebalancing if charge has been maintained amongst the active species; the battery starts with all 3+ on the negative side and all 4+ on the positive side prior to any cycling and crossover. This operation can be performed in a full or partial manner, as shown in Figure II-1. Full rebalancing consists of mixing, re-separating, and re- 𝑉 2+ 𝑐h𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 @ − + 17PDF Image | Bringing Redox Flow Batteries to the Grid
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