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2+ and 5+ state on the negative and positive sides, respectively, as a result of rebalancing. This charging factor will be between 1-1.5 for partial rebalancing and 1.5 for full rebalancing. A description of how the charging factor is determined based on the capacity fade can be found in section S2 of the SI . 4. As a result of rebalancing, capacity is recovered to the new capmax, which is equal to the maximum achievable capacity at the last rebalancing event less the fade from side reactions that have shifted the average oxidation state since (according to Equation II-6). 5. This process repeats until the capmax itself decreases to the caplim. At this point, servicing occurs where a technician doses an amount of oxalic acid sufficient to return the average valence to 3.5+. The total cost of servicing is based on the labor cost (cost per nameplate kWh per visit) and the cost of the oxalic acid. Capacity is then assumed to return to 100% of the original capacity. 6. These steps repeat throughout the specified operational period. This iterative process is illustrated in Figure II-3, which shows an annotated example simulation of the battery capacity as a function of time. We note that the physical separation of power and energy components in the RFB system and the use of vanadium redox chemistry enables open- ended operation provided suitable control strategies and periodic maintenance schedules are employed. As such, we do not include end-of-life valuation or recycling of the various components (particularly the electrolyte), though future work should more carefully consider these assumptions. Time Figure II-3 – Example of the simulated VRFB capacity retention as a function of time annotated with the respective model steps (for illustrative purposes). 27PDF Image | Bringing Redox Flow Batteries to the Grid
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