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470 460 450 440 430 420 410 400 390 380 370 50 60 70 80 90 Lower capacity limit (%) 580 1.9 560 1.8 540 1.7 520 1.6 500 1.5 480 1.4 460 1.3 440 1.2 420 1.1 400 1 50 60 70 80 90 Lower capacity limit (%) "Oversized" case Base case b) Fraction of capital cost due to electrolyte: 0.15 0.30 0.45 Total capital cost Oversizing factor Figure II-6 – (a) LCOS (solid line) for an oversized system as a function of the lower capacity limit (caplim) for a system with a baseline capital cost (Ccap) of 400 $ kWh-1 at three different electrolyte cost fractions (colors). The dashed line represents the base case with no oversizing. (b) The Ccap as a function of lower caplim (solid line, left y-axis) and the oversizing factor (OF) corresponding to each lower caplim (dashed line, right y-axis). A key observation from Figure II-6 is that increases in Ccap can provide savings over the project lifetime if they correspond to sufficient improvements in operational performance. However, though these sizing considerations are necessary for any battery supplier to consider and potentially incorporate in their system engineering, it must be recognized that oversizing increases upfront cost, which may serve as a barrier to purchase for potential customers. To this end, vanadium leasing is a potential approach to reducing upfront costs, as will be discussed in the following section [83,84]. 35 Oversizing Factor LCOS ($/MWh) Total capital cost ($/kWh)PDF Image | Bringing Redox Flow Batteries to the Grid
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