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discount rate [137]; while this is within our desired range, the remaining 30% of the decayed species that cannot be rejuvenated via aeration alone would eventually require separations. Three complicating features of this system to consider regarding separations are (1) the high overall electrolyte concentrations, (2) the need to keep the main stream of electrolyte (i.e., what remains after separating out the decayed species) almost entirely uncontaminated from the separations process and the further desire to recover the decayed species intact as well for reuse in the system, and (3) the likely similar characteristics of the decayed species being targeted for separations and the active species that must remain in the electrolyte. Methods for separating organics via exploitation of differences in the physical, chemical, and/or electrochemical properties exist and can even separate similar compounds (e.g., isomers) [138,139]. It seems reasonable to assume that expertise in separating decay product lies within the process industry given the requirements to create products of sufficient purity. Consequently, chemical manufacturers may be uniquely positioned to design new redox active compounds with decay reversal or recovery as a key design parameter, or else offer technical solutions for separation of pristine species from decay products either on-site or at a centralized facility. Next, we consider remediation techniques for infinite-lifetime species. We note that while separations processes could be used for crossover remediation in these cases as well – and there are, in fact, relatively developed and low-cost methods for separating mono- and multi-valent ions from multi- component mixtures (e.g., wastewater treatment) [140] – the other techniques available for these chemistries, discussed below, are anticipated to be economically preferable to total electrolyte replacement or complicated separations. 54PDF Image | Bringing Redox Flow Batteries to the Grid
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