PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 058
150 100 50 0 5 10 15 20 Active species cost ($/kg) Equivalent weight: 50 g/mol e- 100 g/mol e- 150 g/mol e- Potential: 1.0 V 1.2 V 1.4 V 1.6 V VRFB baseline (122 $/kWh) Figure III-3 – Electrolyte cost (y-axis) as a function of active species cost (x-axis), active species equivalent weight (line colors), and cell potential (line styles) for chemistries utilizing the spectator strategy. For context, the baseline electrolyte cost of the VRFB (122 $ kWh-1, assuming an equivalent weight of 51 grams per mole, active species cost of ~ 30 $ kg-1, and potential of 1.4 V) is plotted as a blue solid line. The pseudo-symmetric Fe-Cr RFB offers several benefits as compared to the VRFB. Use of the spectator method for the Fe-Cr chemistry has been shown to significantly reduce net crossover rates [143], which is important as iron and chromium ions are ~20× more permeable than vanadium ions in Nafion membranes [144]. The chemistry uses charge-storage species of high crustal abundance, as iron is the most abundant element in the Earth (by mass) and there is nearly 1000× more chromium resources than vanadium [103]. These active materials are also low-cost: from late 2019 through early 2020, the price of ferrochromium was ~2 $ kg-1 of chromium content [123]. Further, ferrochromium contains forms of both active species, which can facilitate cost savings by minimizing waste and reducing the processing steps needed to generate to electrochemical grade electrolyte if employed in an Fe-Cr system utilizing spectator strategy [143]. However, the open circuit voltage of Fe-Cr is ~0.98 V at typical operating temperatures (i.e., ~65 °C) [143] and the active species solubility in the spectator configuration are ~1 M [25,121], limiting energy and power densities. Assuming a four-hour duration, we estimate the capital cost of the Fe-Cr RFB to be lower than that of the VRFB, at ~211 and ~268 $ kWh-1 (including optimal oversizing to minimize LCOS, as explained previously), respectively, where the electrolyte costs of the Fe-Cr are about a fifth of the VRFB electrolyte costs (~23 and ~122 $ kWh-1, respectively, not including oversizing) and the reactor costs of the Fe-Cr are about double that of the VRFB (~323 and ~158 58 Electrolyte cost ($/kWh)PDF Image | Bringing Redox Flow Batteries to the Grid
PDF Search Title:
Bringing Redox Flow Batteries to the GridOriginal File Name Searched:
Rodby-krodby-phd-chemE-2022-thesis.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
Salgenx Redox Flow Battery Technology: Salt water flow battery technology with low cost and great energy density that can be used for power storage and thermal storage. Let us de-risk your production using our license. Our aqueous flow battery is less cost than Tesla Megapack and available faster. Redox flow battery. No membrane needed like with Vanadium, or Bromine. Salgenx flow battery
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@salgenx.com (Standard Web Page)