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use a secondary “recombination” cell to oxidize the generated hydrogen, (preferably using the species that was oxidized against the HER reaction originally, in this case the Fe) and return these species to their original electrolytes, as has been demonstrated in several Fe-Cr [210,211] and, more recently, all-Fe hybrid RFB systems [212]. However, this approach adds costs and complexity to the RFB system, further reducing the appeal of researching, developing, or deploying this technology. While mitigation strategies may ultimately be necessary with any appreciable amount of HER, it is still desirable to minimize the amount generated to reduce the costs of its remediation (e.g., the number of secondary cells needed for a system is proportional to the percent of capacity lost per cycle to HER) and facilitate longer-term operation in the absence of remediation methods for simplified pathways to commercialization. Indeed, the technical challenges imposed by high HER rates have seemingly impeded commercialization efforts for the Fe-Cr system, in addition to the general barriers to RFB adoption, such as limited demand for long- duration energy storage. Beyond Creek Channel (vide supra, a relatively newer effort), two notable prior attempts include EnerVault and Imergy (formally Deeya): the former liquidated its assets in 2015 following financial struggles [213], while the latter pivoted from Fe-Cr RFBs to VRFBs before liquidating as well [214]. In sum, the Fe-Cr RFB system poses further complications in addition to already stymying challenges present in VRFBs that necessitate broadly encompassing expertise in mechanical, chemical, electrochemical, and materials science. However, as the Fe-Cr RFB and VRFB both utilize inorganic, metal-based active species in acidic supporting electrolytes and have negative redox reactions that compete with HER, many lessons learned in recent decades from the advanced development of VRFBs may be applicable to spurring progress in Fe-Cr RFBs. Accordingly, there has been a renewed interest in the Fe-Cr RFB since the mid 2010’s, much of which focuses on improving performance, including HER minimization. For the interested reader, a more comprehensive discussion of historical Fe-Cr RFB development can be found in the work by Sun and Zhang [204]. There are many potential avenues to reduce the rate of HER [203]. One approach is to minimize local overpotentials that drive HER through electrode and/or flow field design that increase the local interfacial surface area accessible to the electrolyte. Zeng et al. showed improved performance in an Fe-Cr RFB using thinner electrodes and serpentine flow fields, as compared to a flow-through design with much thicker electrodes, 0.8 mm and 6.0 mm, respectively (although the authors of this work mainly focus on reduced ohmic and pumping losses, rather than HER 89PDF Image | Bringing Redox Flow Batteries to the Grid
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